what is a argument to not wear a school uniform
Traditionally favored by private and parochial institutions, school uniforms are existence adopted by United states of america public schools in increasing numbers. Co-ordinate to a 2020 report, the percentage of public schools that required schoolhouse uniforms jumped from 12% in the 1999-2000 school year to 20% in the 2017-18 school yr. Schoolhouse uniforms were most frequently required by elementary schools (23%), followed by middle (18%), and high schools (10%).
Proponents say that school uniforms make schools safer for students, create a "level playing field" that reduces socioeconomic disparities, and encourage children to focus on their studies rather than their dress.
Opponents say schoolhouse uniforms infringe upon students' right to express their individuality, have no positive effect on behavior and academic achievement, and emphasize the socioeconomic disparities they are intended to disguise. Read more groundwork…
Pro & Con Arguments
Pro i
School uniforms may deter crime and increase student rubber.
In Long Beach, CA, after two years of a district-wide 1000-viii mandatory uniform policy, reports of assault and bombardment in the district's schools decreased past 34%, assault with a deadly weapon dropped past 50%, fighting incidents went downwards by 51%, sexual activity offenses were cut by 74%, robbery dropped past 65%, possession of weapons (or weapon "look-alikes") decreased by 52%, possession of drugs went down past 69%, and vandalism was lowered past 18%. [64]
Ane yr afterwards Sparks Middle School in Nevada instituted a uniform policy, schoolhouse police information showed a 63% driblet in police log reports, and decreases were also noted in gang activity, student fights, graffiti, property damage, and battery. [25] A peer-reviewed study found that schools with compatible policies had 12% fewer firearm-related incidents and fifteen% fewer drug-related incidents than schools without uniforms. [69]
School uniforms also forbid students from concealing weapons under baggy clothing, [38] go far easier to keep track of students on field trips, and brand intruders on campus more than visible. Frank Quatrone, superintendent in the Lodi commune of New Jersey, stated that "When you take students dressed alike, you make them safer. If someone were to come into a edifice, the intruder could hands be recognized." [half-dozen]
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Pro two
School uniforms go along students focused on their educational activity, non their clothes.
The National Association of Secondary Schoolhouse Principals stated that, "When all students are wearing the same outfit, they are less concerned about how they expect and how they fit in with their peers; thus, they tin can concentrate on their schoolwork." [15] A report by the Academy of Houston institute that elementary school girls' language test scores increased past almost three percentile points after uniforms were introduced. [i]
Old US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton advocated school uniforms equally a mode to help students focus on learning: "Take that [article of clothing choices] off the table and put the focus on school, non on what you're wearing." [30] Chris Hammons, Main of Woodland Eye School in Coeur d'Alene, ID, stated that uniforms "provide for less distraction, less drama, and more of a focus on learning." [70]
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Pro 3
Schoolhouse uniforms create a level playing field among students, reducing peer force per unit area and bullying.
When all students are dressed alike, competition between students over article of clothing choices and the teasing of those who are dressed in less expensive or less stylish outfits can exist eliminated. Research by the Schoolwear Association found that 83% of teachers thought "a practiced school uniform… could prevent bullying based on advent or economical groundwork." [91] Arminta Jacobson, Founder and Director of the Centre for Parent Education at the Academy of Northward Texas, stated that uniforms put "all kids on the same playing field in terms of their appearance. I think it probably gives them a sense of belonging and a feeling of beingness socially accustomed." [5]
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Pro 4
Wearing uniforms enhances school pride, unity, and community spirit.
Christopher P. Clouet, erstwhile Superintendent of the New London Public Schools in Connecticut, stated that "the wearing of uniforms contributes to schoolhouse pride." [3] A study of over 1,000 Texas center school students found that students in compatible "reported significantly more positive perceptions of belonging in their school community than reported by students in the standard dress group." [33]
Arnold Goldstein, PhD, head of the Heart for Research on Aggression at Syracuse University, stated that uniforms help troubled students feel they accept the support of a community: "There is a sense of belonging." [31] A peer-reviewed study found that afterward uniforms were introduced, "Teachers perceived an increase in the level of respect, caring, and trust… throughout the school" and said "students are made to experience 'important' and every bit if they are a office of a squad by wearing a compatible." [20]
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Pro 5
School uniforms may improve attendance and discipline.
A report by researchers at the University of Houston establish that the average absence rate for girls in middle and high school decreased by seven% after the introduction of uniforms, and behavioral problems lessened in severity. [1] A Youngstown State University study of secondary schools in Ohio'southward 8 largest school districts plant that school uniform policies amend rates of omnipresence, graduation, and suspension. [27]
During the first semester of a mandatory uniform plan at John Adams Middle School in Albuquerque, NM, discipline referrals dropped from one,565 during the first semester of the year prior to 405, a 74% subtract. [68] Macquarie University (Australia) researchers constitute that in schools across the world where uniform policies are enforced, students "are more disciplined" and "listen significantly better, there are lower noise levels, and lower pedagogy waiting times with classes starting on time." [89]
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Pro half-dozen
Uniform policies salve valuable course time because they are easier to enforce than a standard wearing apparel lawmaking.
Doris Jo Murphy, EdD, sometime Director of Field Experiences at the University of N Texas College of Education, stated: "As an simple assistant principal in two suburban districts, I can tell you that the clothes lawmaking took up a slap-up deal of my time in the expanse of discipline… I wished many times that we had uniforms because the issue of skirts or shorts beingness also short, and baggy jeans and pants on the boys non being pulled up as they needed to be, would have been a not-issue." [five] Lyndhurst, NJ school district superintendent Tracey Marinelli had a similar feel before a uniform policy was introduced: "Kids were spending time in the role because they were not fulfilling the apparel code… That was time away from class." [6]
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Pro vii
Schoolhouse uniforms forbid the brandish of gang colors and insignia.
The The states Department of Education'south Manual on School Uniforms stated that compatible policies can "preclude gang members from wearing gang colors and insignia at school" in order to "encourage a safe environment." [35] Educators in the Long Beach Unified School District have speculated that the sharp reduction in offense post-obit the introduction of school uniforms was a result of gang conflicts existence curbed. [67] Osceola County, FL School Board fellow member Jay Wheeler reported that the canton's schools had a 46% drib in gang activity later on their offset full school year with a mandatory K-12 uniform policy. Wheeler stated that "clothing is integral to gang culture… Imagine a U.S. Armed Forces recruiter out of uniform trying to recruit new soldiers; the success rate goes down. The aforementioned applies to gang recruitment." [37]
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Pro 8
School uniforms brand getting prepare for school easier, which can meliorate punctuality.
When uniforms are mandatory, parents and students exercise not spend time choosing appropriate outfits for the school day. According to a national survey, over 90% of US school leaders believe school uniform or formal dress code policies "eliminate wardrobe battles with kids," brand it "easier to become kids fix in the morning," and create a "fourth dimension saving in the morning." [32] Tracey Marinelli, Superintendent of the Lyndhurst School District in New Jersey, credited the district'due south uniform policy for reducing the number of students running late. Lyndhurst student Mike Morreale agreed, stating that "it'due south so much easier to dress than having to search for wearing apparel and find out that something doesn't friction match." [6] [7]
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Pro nine
School uniforms can save parents coin.
Parents tin can reduce their financial burden when their children are limited to wearing one simple outfit every solar day. [13] A study of uniform cost in the United Kingdom constitute that uniforms toll parents £88.05 ($128.79) per outfit, while out-of-school outfits averaged £113.00 ($165.79). [87]
A national survey of 517 Usa school leaders found that 94% of those surveyed believe "one of the chief benefits to parents is that school uniforms are more price-effective than regular wearing apparel," and 77% estimated the boilerplate annual price of school uniforms per child to be $150 or less. [32] Without school uniform policies, parents may feel pressure to compete with other families by purchasing fashionable clothes for their children. [71]
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Pro 10
Near parents and educators support mandatory schoolhouse uniforms.
A survey by the National Clan of Unproblematic School Principals (NAESP) and uniform manufacturer Lands' End found that a majority of school leaders believe their schoolhouse uniform or formal apparel lawmaking policies have had a positive impact on classroom discipline (85%), the schoolhouse's epitome in the customs (83%), pupil safe (79%), school pride (77%), and student accomplishment (64%). [32] A poll administered by the Harford County, Physician schoolhouse system plant that "teachers and administrators were overwhelmingly in favor" of introducing school uniforms. The poll too found that 58% of parents wanted a mandatory uniform policy instated. [9]
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Pro 11
Students' legal correct to free expression remains intact even with mandatory schoolhouse uniforms.
The US Supreme Courtroom case Tinker five. Des Moines Contained Customs School District (7-2, 1969), which concerned the wearing of black armbands to protestation the Vietnam War, confirmed that students' constitutional right to free speech "does not relate to regulation of the length of skirts or the type of clothing." Wearing one's own selection of shirt or pants is not the "pure speech communication" protected by the Constitution. [18] [28]
In Canady v. Bossier Parish School Lath (iii-0, 2001), the Usa Fifth Excursion Court of Appeals upheld a school lath's right to implement a mandatory uniform policy, stating that requiring uniforms for the purpose of increasing test scores and improving subject field "is in no fashion related to the suppression of student spoken language. [Students] remain gratuitous to habiliment what they want after school hours. Students may however express their views through other mediums during the school day." [18] [29]
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Pro 12
Students dressed in uniform are improve perceived by teachers and peers.
A 1994 peer-reviewed written report constitute that students in compatible were perceived past teachers and fellow students equally being more academically skillful than students in regular clothes. The study also constitute that students in compatible were perceived by peers and teachers as having college academic potential, and perceived past peers as being better behaved. [4]
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Pro 13
Students tin can express their individuality in schoolhouse uniforms past introducing variations and calculation accessories.
Junior loftier schoolhouse pupil Amelia Jimenez wrote in her op-ed for the Pennsylvania Patriot-News website that "contrary to popular belief, uniforms do not end students from being themselves. Uniforms do not silence voices. Students can wear a multifariousness of expressive items, such as buttons or jewlery." Students can inject their personal fashion into their daily look with hairstyles, blast smooth, and colorful accessories such as bags, scarfs, and fun socks. [61] [62] [62] A peer-reviewed written report plant that 54% of eighth-graders said they could withal express their individuality while wearing schoolhouse uniforms. [65]
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Con 1
Schoolhouse uniforms restrict students' freedom of expression.
The First Amendment of the US Constitution guarantees that all individuals have the right to express themselves freely. The United states Supreme Court stated in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community Schoolhouse Commune (7-ii, 1969) that "it can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their ramble rights to liberty of spoken communication or expression at the schoolhouse gate." [28] [viii]
In Sweden, a regime agency chosen the Schoolhouse Inspectorate adamant that uniforms were a human being rights violation because "dress and appearance should exist considered an individual expression, decided by the students themselves." [39] Clothing choices are "a crucial course of self-expression," co-ordinate to the American Civil Liberties Marriage of Nevada, which also stated that "allowing students to choose their clothing is an empowering bulletin from the schools that a educatee is a maturing person who is entitled to the near bones cocky-decision." [17]
Uniforms take away the power to employ article of clothing as means of expressing support for social causes. Students at Friendly High School in Prince George'southward County, Doc, were not immune to wear pink shirts to back up Breast Cancer Awareness Month and 75 students received suspensions for breaking the school's uniform restrictions. [11]
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Con 2
School uniforms promote conformity over individuality.
Chicago inferior high school student Kyler Sumter wrote in the Huffington Mail service: "They decide to teach united states of america nigh people like Rosa Parks, Susan B. Anthony and Booker T. Washington… We larn about how these people expressed themselves and conquered and we can't fifty-fifty limited ourselves in the hallways." [sixty] Troy Shuman, a senior in Harford County, Medico, said the introduction of a mandatory uniform policy to his school would be "teaching conformity and squelching private thought. But call back of prisons and gangs. The ultimate socializer to crush rebellion is conformity in appearance. If a school system starts at dress, where does it end?" [ix]
In schools where uniforms are specifically gendered (girls must vesture skirts and boys must wear pants), transgendered, gender-fluid, and gender-nonconforming students tin can experience ostracized. Seamus, a 16-year-sometime transgendered boy, stated, "sitting in a blouse and skirt all day fabricated me feel insanely broken-hearted. I wasn't taken seriously. This is atrocious and damaging to a immature person'due south mental health; that uniform well-nigh destroyed me." [86] Late satirist George Carlin asked, "Don't these schools do enough damage, making all these children think alike? Now they're gonna get them to look akin, likewise?" [xl]
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Con iii
School uniforms practise not stop bullying and may increment vehement attacks.
Tony Volk, PhD, Associate Professor at Brock University, stated, "Overall, there is no evidence in bullying literature that supports a reduction in violence due to schoolhouse uniforms." [85] A peer-reviewed study found that "schoolhouse uniforms increased the boilerplate number of assaults by about xiv [per year] in the most violent schools." [26] A Texas Southern University study found that school discipline incidents rose by about 12% after the introduction of uniforms. [fourteen] According to the Miami-Dade County Public Schools Function of Education Evaluation and Direction, fights in eye schools nearly doubled within ane year of introducing mandatory uniforms. [72] [73]
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Con 4
Schoolhouse uniforms do not improve attendance, academic preparedness, or test results.
David Fifty. Brunsma, PhD, Professor of Folklore at Virginia Polytechnic Establish and State University (Virginia Tech), co-authored a written report that analyzed a national sample of 10th graders and found "no effects of uniforms on absence, behavioral problems (fights, suspensions, etc.), or substance utilize on campus" and "no furnishings" on "pro-schoolhouse attitudes, academic preparedness, and peer attitudes toward school." [14] [66] Brunsma also found a "negative upshot of uniforms on academic achievement," and subsequently institute that uniforms were equally ineffective on elementary students and eighth graders. [14]
A peer-reviewed study found "no pregnant furnishings of school uniforms on operation on second grade reading and mathematics examinations, likewise as on tenth-course reading, mathematics, science, and history examinations… [I]n many of the specifications, the results are actually negative." [ii]
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Con 5
The key findings used to tout the benefits of uniforms are questionable.
The oft-quoted improvements to schoolhouse condom and student behavior in the Long Beach (CA) Unified Schoolhouse District from 1993-1995 may not have resulted from the introduction of schoolhouse uniforms. The study in which the findings were published cautioned that "it is not clear that these results are entirely attributable to the uniform policy" and suggests that the introduction of new schoolhouse security measures made at the same fourth dimension may have been partly responsible. [64]
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Con 6
Schoolhouse uniforms emphasize the socio-economic divisions they are supposed to eliminate.
Most public schools with compatible policies are in poor neighborhoods (47% of loftier-poverty public schools required school uniforms vs. 6% of low poverty schools), emphasizing the grade distinctions that uniforms were supposed to eliminate. [23] Fifty-fifty inside one school, uniforms cannot muffle the differences between the "haves" and the "take-nots." David L. Brunsma, PhD, stated that "more affluent families purchase more uniforms per kid. The less affluent… they take one… Information technology'due south more probable to be tattered, torn and faded. It only takes two months for socioeconomic differences to testify up again." [9]
Uniforms also emphasize racial divisions. Schools with a minority student population of 50% or more are four times every bit probable to require uniforms than schools with a minority population of 20-49%, and 24 times more likely than schools with minority populations of v%-19%. [78]
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Con vii
Students oppose school uniforms.
Enrollment at Washington High Schoolhouse in Southward Bend, IN, has declined 43% since the introduction of schoolhouse uniforms in 2006; and a 2017 survey found that 82% of the current students opposed uniforms. [92] A peer-reviewed study past researchers at the Academy of Nevada at Reno constitute that 90% of seventh and eighth grade public school students did non similar wearing uniforms. [25] In the year following the introduction of mandatory schoolhouse uniforms to the Long Beach (CA) Unified School District, 81% of center school students said uniforms did not reduce fights, 76% said they did non help them fit in at school, 69% said they did not make them feel more continued with the school community, and 71% said they felt no safer traveling to and from school. [64]
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Con 8
Uniforms may have a detrimental upshot on students' self-paradigm.
When students have to wear the same outfits, rather than existence allowed to select clothes that suit their trunk types, they can suffer embarrassment at school. Child and teen development specialist Robyn Silverman told NBC News' Today that students, peculiarly girls, tend to compare how each other looks in their uniforms: "As a trunk image expert, I hear from students all the fourth dimension that they experience it allows for a lot of comparing… And so if you lot have a torso that's a plus-size body, a curvier body, a very alpine body, a very brusk body, those girls often experience that they don't look their all-time." [21] A study by researchers at Arizona Country University found that "students from schools without uniforms reported higher self-perception scores than students from schools with compatible policies." [24] Some students also find uniforms less comfortable than their regular clothes, which may not exist conducive to learning. [75]
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Con ix
Focusing on uniforms takes attending away from finding genuine solutions to problems in pedagogy.
Spending time and effort implementing compatible policies may detract from more than effective efforts to reduce crime in schools and boost educatee performance. More substantive improvements to public teaching could exist achieved with smaller class sizes, tightened security, increased parental involvement, improved facilities, and other measures. [12] [fourteen] Tom Houlihan, onetime Superintendent of Schools in Oxford, NC, stated that school uniforms "are a distraction from focusing on systematic and central transformation to amend our schools." [42]
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Con 10
The push for schoolhouse uniforms is driven by commercial interests rather than educational ones.
Americans spend around $i billion on schoolhouse uniforms every year. [43] [74] Retailer J.C. Penney Co. says school uniforms are "a huge, important business for us." [44] In one year lonely, uniform company Lands' End spent $3 million on marketing efforts directed at public schools and districts. [14] Multiple studies used to promote the effectiveness of uniforms were partly funded by Lands' End, and at to the lowest degree 1 of those studies is "and so wholly flawed equally to return itself useless," according to David L. Brunsma, PhD. [xiv] [32] Reuters reported that retailers were "sensing their opportunity… stepping up competition in the uniform aisles and online. Walmart has prepare 'uniform shops' or temporary boutiques inside some stores." [74]
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Con 11
Parents should be gratis to choose their children'south dress without regime interference.
1 of the founders of the Wilson County (LA) Parents Coalition, Richard Dashkovitz, stated: "Information technology's time we permit the government know that we are fed up with this. Quit dictating to united states of america what my child should wear… [T]he government is intruding into our private lives, roles as parents and the lives of our children." [sixteen] According to another parents' rights grouping, Asserting Parental Rights — It'southward Our Duty, mandatory uniform "policies trample parents' right to raise children without government interference." [10]
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Con 12
School uniforms in public schools undermine the hope of a free education by imposing an extra expense on families.
Parents already pay taxes, and they still need to buy regular clothes for their children to article of clothing when they're out of schoolhouse and for apparel-down days. The Children'due south Commission on Poverty (UK) establish that over "95% of parents on depression incomes reported difficulties in meeting school-related costs," including uniforms, despite their children attention tuition-free schools. [94] Anderson, IN, parents Laura and Scott Bell their children's school over its uniform policy, saying the $641 for their children's uniforms broke the guarantee of a complimentary public education. [10] In York County, PA, a local NBC affiliate reported that some children were missing class because their families couldn't afford to buy the required uniforms. [84]
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Con thirteen
Schoolhouse uniforms may delay the transition into machismo.
Adults make their own habiliment choices and have the freedom to express themselves through their advent. Denying children and teenagers the opportunity to brand those choices may brand them ill-prepared for the adult globe. [76] [75] Adolescents see clothing choices every bit a means of identification, and seeking an identity is one of the disquisitional stages of boyhood, according to the late developmental psychologist Erik Erikson. [lxxx] [79]
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| Did You Know? |
|---|
| one. The first school district in the United States to require all K-eight students to wearable uniforms was Long Embankment, CA, in January. 1994. [50] [fourteen] |
| 2. Americans spend around $ane billion per year on schoolhouse uniforms. [43] [74] |
| three. Students at Eton, 1 of England's well-nigh prestigious schools, were required to wearable black top hats and tails on and off campus until 1972. [14] |
| 4. US schools with a minority student population of l% or more than are four times as likely to require uniforms than schools with a minority population of 20-49%, and 24 times more likely than schools with minority populations of five%-19%. [78] |
| 5. A authorities agency in Sweden declared that mandatory school uniforms were a homo rights violation, stating that students should decide their dress and appearance every bit "a affair of the individual's freedom and integrity." [39] |
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